87. Nothing

Indicators of influenza activity across the Netherlands show that influenza is circulating, and as I am now one of its victims, this week's blog comes to nothing but a quote:

April 8 [1915]
Like Louis XVI, who records 'rien' in his diary on the tragic days of the Revolution and his trial, I have nothing to say.
(Self-Portrait taken from the Letters & Journals of Charles Ricketts, R.A., 1939, p. 237)

Dust-jacket for Self-Portrait taken from the Letters & Journals of Charles Ricketts, R.A. (1939)

86. The Man with a Yellow Glove

Bonhams in New Bond Street, London, issued a catalogue for their auction of 8 May, when the third part of The Roy Davids Collection of poetical manuscripts and portraits of poets will be on sale.

Davids owned one or two manuscripts of almost all important English poets, and he also collected portraits, photographs, drawings, engravings, and a few paintings. One of the items in the sale is a large portrait of the poet and artist Thomas Sturge Moore (75x67 cm) by Charles Shannon.

Charles Shannon, 'The Man with a Yellow Glove'

This portrait is known as 'The Man with the Yellow Glove' and it was awarded a gold medal at the International Exhibition at the 'Glaspalaste', the Royal Chrystal Palace, in Munich, in 1897. This was one in a series of exhibitions of the Munich 'Secession' for which Franz von Stuck had designed the poster.

Franz von Stuck, Poster of the 7th International Art Exhibition, Munich

Shannon had sent one other painting to Munich, 'A Wounded Amazon'. When the portrait of Moore was returned, Shannon wrote in his diary that it was 'rather too black', and that it seemed to be 'more dark than when it went'.

Around the same time, Shannon finished a self-portrait and a portrait of Ricketts, having similar titles: 'The Man in a Black Shirt' and 'The Man in the Inverness Cape', now both at the National Portrait Gallery.

The portrait of Thomas Sturge Moore in its original matt gold frame formerly belonged to Colin Franklin (1923), a writer, bibliographer, book-collector and antiquarian bookseller, before it passed into the collection of Roy Davids. Davids was a writer of biographies of members of parliament, before he came to work for Sotheby's as a cataloguer of manuscripts. He worked for the auction house from 1970 until twenty years later, when he started his own business as a manuscript dealer (the Roy Davids Ltd. website has not been updated since 2007). Since 2005, Davids has been selling his collection in parts, not because 'he has shrugged off the collecting bug, nor is he close to death' (as was written on Paul Fraser Collectibles), but 'partly because I have to do something with it', as Davids says in a video presentation. He believes that the manuscripts should return to the market. 

The first part of the Davids collection was sold in 2005, the second part in March 2011, the third part will be on sale on 8 May 2013.

Note: The painting was sold for £4,550 inc. premium and tax.

85. March 18, 1937

Seventy-six years ago, on 18 March, 1937, Charles Shannon died. A year later, P. & D. Colnaghi & Co in London devoted an exhibition to his lithographs. In the catalogue, Thomas Sturge Moore wrote about his sitting for a portrait in 1896. He recalled Shannon's eye for quality and their frequent cycle-riding adventures. He especially remembered Shannon's 'energetic sturdiness'.

Images of a number of lithographs by Charles Shannon are available online. His first experiment in lithography, dated 1889, depicts 'The Vale in Snow'. The image is provided by the British Library. We barely see the house of Ricketts and Shannon on this lithograph of which only eight copies seem to have been made.

Charles Shannon, 'The Vale in Snow', lithograph, 1889 (British Library)

Shannon's self-portrait, and his portrait of Ricketts, are now in the Portrait Gallery in London. More paintings by Shannon can be seen on the website of the BBC. 

Charles Shannon, 'Girl Bathers in a Boat', painting, c. 1905-1910 (Hammersmith Archives and Local History Centre)

84. A new interpretation of The Great Worm

Until recently, John Gray's story 'The Great Worm', which was published in the first issue of The Dial in 1889, was not taken seriously. Gray's biographer wrote:

It is a story of a dragon who dies from unrequited love; its silliness is so precisely balanced with pathos, its parody by bemused self-parody (the worm turns out to be the dreamer of the tale), that one must suspend judgment about its success. The risks alone are worth reading of it, as if a rococo artist had painted (say, in gold and white) one of Oscar Wilde's fairy tales. (Jerusha Hull McCormack, John Gray. Poet, Dandy, and Priest, 1991, p. 25).

Charles Ricketts, vignette and initial for John Gray's story 'The Great Worm', in The Dial, 1889, p. 14.

Earlier, Richard Harold Quinn wrote a thesis on The Dial in which the story was relevated:

'The great Worm' is best described as a dream vision, but it is clearly one of the most curious of its type. Asleep in a garden of lilies, a poet sees a gold and white worm, an 'unaffected beast', who lived 'somewhere in the belly of one of those mountain ranges in Central Asia, with a name as ragged as its silhouette.' Having offered his services to the prince of the region, the worm is sent out at the head of an army to establish order among wavering subjects. The expedition goes well until an unnamed 'figure of silent whiteness,' the inhabitant of a glorious city, offers the worm a lily, which he then wears on his breast. That night he is heard to moan 'Why am I a worm?' And within days, the lily having taking root, he is dead. 
Faced with the task of interpreting 'The Great Worm,' one is tempted by allegorical possibilities (the dragon of evil defeated by purity; sin destroyed by Holy Church) and even by Symbolist possibilities (the mysteriousness of the worm's identity and motives; the metaphysical suggestiveness of the lily and the 'figure of silent whiteness'). On the other hand, to quote Alexandra Zaina, 'it seems unlikely that this story was meant to be taken seriously.' (Richard Harold Quinn, Charles Ricketts and The Dial, 1977, p. 112-113)

But why not take the story seriously? The Dial was a serious attempt to ventilate new ideas about art, and one of its editors - Ricketts - considered it worthwhile to devote no less than four illustrations to this story: a vignette/initial at the beginning, a tailpiece at the end, a colour lithograph and an etching.

Charles Ricketts, illustration to 'The Great Worm', lithograph, in The Dial, 1889, plate AA.

Another later commentator, C.N. Pondrom, wrote: 

Much of the original literary contents of the  periodical show an affinity with the pseudo-medieval, fantastic, misty literature associated with the pre-Raphaelite movement, and in this sense, as well as in the frequency and excellence of illustration, the Dial is a clear successor to the Germ. Examples of this affinity may be seen in the Charles Ricketts' short story 'The cup of Happiness' and John Gray's parable 'The Great Worm'. (Cyrena Norman Pondrom, English Literary Periodicals 1885-1918, 1966, p. 74). 

A new interpretation was published earlier this year in English Literature in Transition, 1880-1930, volume 56 (2013) 1, p. 33-50: Petra Clark's essay 'Bitextuality, Sexuality, and the Male Aesthete in The Dial: "Not through an orthodox channel"'. Petra Clark is a Lasner Research Assistant at the University of Delaware, where I met her during my visit in February.

Her essay is firmly rooted in modern research theories, inspired by such scholars as Lorraine Janzen Kooistra, Elaine Showalter, and Dennis Denisoff. Clark's sometimes witty interpretation focuses on the sexual imagery in the story, and likens the worm's physique to the male sexual organ.

the varied representations of masculinity and the blatant sexual (and arguably homoerotic) imagery it contains have been largely overlooked, as well as how these factors contribute to the notion of the artist that the Dial seems to be constructing.

More about this study in blog no. 88: 'The Great Worm revisited'.

83. The Mark Samuels Lasner Collection

The Mark Samuels Lasner Collection, on loan to the University of Delaware Library, occupies a large reading room and two offices in a quiet corner of the Morris Library. (No, not William Morris.) The collection is associated with the Special Collections Department, and focuses on British literature and art of the period 1850 to 1900, with an emphasis on the Pre-Raphaelites and on the writers and illustrators of the 1890s. Its holdings comprise 9,000 first and other editions, including signed and association copies, manuscripts, letters, works on paper and ephemera. The collection is particularly strong in Aubrey Beardsley and Max Beerbohm material.

Part of the Michael Field books in the Mark Samuels Lasner Collection, on loan to the University of Delaware Library, 2013

Ricketts and Shannon are well represented, for example by a series of lithographs, and a few dedication copies of Vale Press books. The Michael Field works include, of course, copies of the four plays that Ricketts published at his private press, but the collection can also boast of rarer books, such as the plays that Michael Field published anonymously, and partly posthumously, between 1905 and 1918, and for which Ricketts provided a vignette: Borgia, Queen Mariamne, Deirdre, and others.

The Life of Benvenuto Cellini (two volumes, Vale Press, 1900) [Mark Samuels Lasner Collection, on loan to the University of Delaware Library]

The two-volume edition of The Life of Benvenuto Cellini was published by the Vale Press in 1900. Ricketts dedicated a copy to his friend Cecil Lewis in July 1922: 'To C. Lewis from his Friend C Ricketts'. 

Charles Ricketts, 'The Moon-Horned Io', drawing for Oscar Wilde, The Sphinx (Mark Samuels Lasner Collection, on loan to the University of Delaware Library)

One of the treasures that I had the opportunity to study during my visit to Delaware was a drawing for Oscar Wilde's The Sphinx (1894), 'The Moon-Horned Io'. On the same table I had a copy of the book, along with a copy of de deluxe edition, of which only 25 copies have been printed. It shows how rich this collection is. 

Mark Samuels Lasner stimulates the use of his collection - at the time of my visit many Pre-Raphaelite items were on loan to the exhibition in the National Gallery of Art in Washington - and he, and his assistent Ashley Rye, are welcoming, hospitable, and helpful. Access to the collection is available by appointment. Recommended.

82. A visit to Delaware

Two weeks ago I travelled to New York for a meeting in preparation of an exhibition. Before my journey would bring me to San Francisco, I undertook a one-day trip to the University of Delaware in Newark (DE), where a collection of literature from 1850 to 1900 has its own rooms. The Mark Samuels Lasner Collection is well known through catalogues and exhibitions, and is particularly strong in Beardsley and Beerbohm material, however, Mark Samuels Lasner also procured exceptional items by Charles Ricketts and the Vale Press.

Mark Samuels Lasner, holding a dedication copy of The Parables from the Gospels, and the author of this blog, at the Mark Samuels Lasner Collection, University of Delaware, 8 February 2013

Among his many treasures is a copy of the Vale Press edition of The Parables from the Gospels (1903) with two handwritten dedications by Ricketts to Thomas Sturge Moore. There is also the printed dedication (p. [ii]): 'Affectionately dedicated to T.S.M. by his old friend C.S.R.'. The first handwritten dedication is a long one: 'To T.S. Moore from C. Ricketts after ten years, since the publication of Daphnis & Chloe, I know of no one else to whom I would have the same pleasure in dedicating my work. CR'. 

Charles Ricketts, dedication to T.S. Moore, in The Parables from the Gospels (The Mark Samuels Lasner Collection Mark Samuels Lasner Collection, on loan to the University of Delaware Library)

When he had finished this dedication Ricketts must have seen that he held the book upside down and that the dedication had ended up on the inner side of the back cover. He decided to write a second dedication on the fly-leaf in the front of the book.

Charles Ricketts, dedication to T.S. Moore, in The Parables from the Gospels (The Mark Samuels Lasner Collection,  on loan to the University of Delaware Library)

81. John Gray in Holland

The first time that the name of Charles Shannon was mentioned in Holland coincided with the first appearance of the name of John Gray in a Dutch newspaper. See my earlier blogs on an article from the Dagblad that was later published in the Java-Bode (7 May 1891). The report of the performance of Ibsen's Ghosts in London on 13 March 1891 not only mentioned Shannon as a member of the Independent Theatre Society, but also noted that Oscar Wilde had come to see the play, and his name was followed immediately by that of John Gray, who was called 'the new poet'. 

John Gray, c. 1892

To call him a poet was rather premature. By March 1891 John Gray had published a critical piece, 'Les Goncourt', and a fairy tale, 'The great worm', both in the first issue of Ricketts's and Shannon's magazine The Dial (August 1889). An obituary of Albert Dubois-Pillet was published in The Academy of September 1890, and The Artist and Journal of Home Culture of August 1890 had published a 'Sonnet', a translation from Paul Verlaine. One of Gray's own poems had been published with a drawing by Ricketts in Black and White, 28 February 1891, and some more were to follow in the second issue of The Dial in February 1892. A 'new' poet, indeed.

Meanwhile Gray had sent Wilde a handwritten poem for what was to become his famous book of poems Silverpoints (1893), and he had been reciting his poetry to the Rhymers' Club in January 1891. He befriended the poets Lionel Johnson and Ernest Dowson, and by the autumn of 1891 he also knew Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. 'Tex', as his friends called him, was probably the writer of the article about the first performance of Ghosts. Gray lived at the Temple, and since April 1891 he rented rooms at No 3, Plowden Buildings, where George Moore - also mentioned in the article! - Arthur Symons and Tex lived on the same floor.

Binding by Phoenix Bindery for Paul van Capelleveen, Dutch silverpoints (2007)

Why would the author of an article for a Dutch newspaper mention Gray's name, apart from friendship? It is very likely that Teixeira de Mattos had inspired Gray to write to the editor of a Dutch magazine, De Nieuwe Gids ('The New Guide') in January 1891, in an attempt to get his poems accepted for publication. Nothing came of it. I published Gray's letters to the Dutch writer Frederik van Eeden in Dutch Silverpoints. John Gray's Struggle for Fame in Holland. This book was beautifully produced by Hans van Eijk on his private Bonnefant Press in 2007. As some copies are still for sale, I will not quote these letters here, but refer you to the Bonnefant Press website for your order, which will be patiently awaited.

80. On the Dutch reception of Pre-Raphaelitism

On 24 January, Anne van Buul (1983) got her PhD on a study about the Dutch reception of Pre-Raphaelitism, In vreemde grond geworteld. Prerafaëlitisme in de Nederlandse literatuur en beeldende kunst (1855-1910). A short summary is given on the website of the Groningen University:

In 1848, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded by a group of young English artists and writers. Together, they aimed to renew the arts. At the end of the nineteenth century, Pre-Raphaelitism grew into a broad cultural movement. The term 'Pre-Raphaelite' no longer only referred to works of the members of the Brotherhood, but also to other modern English literature, visual and decorative art from the period between 1848 and 1900. This amalgam of English literature and art has had a great impact in The Netherlands.

Cover for Anne van Buul, In vreemde grond geworteld (2013)

The first part of Van Buul's study describes four phases in the Dutch reception of Pre-Raphaelitism. First, from 1855 onwards, Pre-Raphaelitism became a topic of conversation in the art world. Then, in the 1880s, Pre-Raphaelite literature began to play a role in the works and poetics of the poets of the Eighties Movement. In the 1890s, Pre-Raphaelite decorative art came to be a shining example for Dutch community artists. After 1900 the reception finally became less positive and the interest in Pre-Raphaelitism slowly decreased.

The reception-historical overview is followed by five chapters that zoom in on five important Dutch recipients: the writers Frederik van Eeden, Edward B. Koster and P.C. Boutens, and the artists Antoon Derkinderen and Jan Toorop. These chapters extensively describe their dealing with Pre-Raphaelitism in the form of critical reception, creative reception and translation. Together, the chronological overview and the case studies show how Pre-Raphaelitism was transferred to and integrated in Dutch culture during the fin de siècle.

Although the book is not about Ricketts and Shannon, Ricketts is mentioned on 32 pages, while Shannon's name appears on 20.

79. Oscar Wilde between Paris and Brighton

The Java-Bode reported the one-time performance of Ibsen's Ghosts in London on 13 March 1891. It not only mentioned Shannon as a member of the Independent Theatre Society, but also noted that Oscar Wilde had come to see the play. This is interesting, as his chronology mentions that he was in Paris on 11 March and in Brighton on 16 March and what he did in between is unrecorded. 

Norman Page's An Oscar Wilde Chronology (1991) shows that on 3 March Wilde was to visit the French poet Stéphane Mallarmé, that he was very ill a few days later, that he called on Zola on the 11th of March, and the next date is 16 March, when Wilde wrote that he was staying at the Hotel Metropole in Brighton, still (or again) very ill. These dates are based on Wilde's correspondence, as are those in the online Wilde Chronology of the Oscholars.

The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde (2000) show that Wilde had been in Paris since 25 February 1891 (and possibly earlier) when he wrote to Mallarmé that he would be honoured to meet the author of L'Après-Midi d'un Faune. Apparently, Wilde suffered from the flu, as he had lost his voice, but a few days later he wrote to his son Cyril that he went out every morning for a drive in the Bois de Boulogne and that every evening he would sit outside at 'little tables' looking at the passing carriages. On 7 March he wrote to Coulson Kernahan, his editor at Ward, Lock and Co, that he had not corrected the proofs for The Picture of Dorian Gray earlier, because he had been 'very ill'. All these letters were written from the Hôtel de l'Athénée, 15 rue Scribe, in Paris.

15, rue Scribe, Paris

Wilde's next dated letter is of 16 March 1891, again to Kernahan: 'I am still very ill, but Brighton is doing me good', and he announced that he would return 'to town' (London) the next day. There was no word about the first performance of Ibsen's Ghosts that he had witnessed in between.

From the Dutch review we now know that he had been in the audience on 13 March 1891. The English papers (The Times, The Daily Telegraph, etc.) mentioned no names other than those of the actors and that of Jack T. Grein, as it would have been risky to connect any respectable individual in the audience with a performance that was considered a scandal. The papers condemned the play and asked the Lord Chamberlain to ban it. In the Dutch review Wilde's name was followed immediately by that of John Gray, see next week's blog.

Among other names that were mentioned by the Dutch eye-witness of the event are the owner of The Times, John Walter, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Londesborough, Clement Scott (of The Daily Telegraph), and at least ten other critics. From the Republic of Letters he mentioned George Moore, Oscar Wilde, and John Gray. The House of Lords was represented by Justin Huntly McCarthy and C.P. Colnaghi, from the art world the names of Charles Shannon and the engraver Carl Henschel, the actors Madeleine Shirley, Emily Duncan, Adrienne Dairolles and members of the Playgoers Club were mentioned. The orchestra that mainly consisted of Dutch musicians, was led by the Dutch conductor  and composer Jan Mulder, and played a few pieces by Edvard Grieg. Mulder also performed at a concert at the Dutch Club and at the Savage Club. He would also be present at the October 1891 performance of The Independent Theatre Society, when Zola's Thérèse Raquin in a translation of Alexander Teixeira de Mattos was staged. George Moore had revised this translation.

78. Shannon spotted in the theatre

A new resource hosted by the National Library of the Netherlands, 'Historical newspapers', gives free access to Dutch newspapers from 1618 to 1995. Not all newspapers are available yet, but the great thing is that word searches are possible, and a search for 'C.H. Shannon', for example, yields seven results, including a very early one that was previously unknown. This article, 'Een vrije schouwburg', about the Independent Theatre, was published on 6 May 1891 in the Java-bode, a newspaper for the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). It was not written by one of their correspondents, but taken from another newspaper, Het dagblad ('The daily') of which no copies have been preserved.

Jack T. Grein

The Théâtre Libre was directed by André Antoine, but the 1891 event that mentioned this name on the programme was staged by Jack T. Grein (1862-1935), and although the article still calls his theatre production by the old name, the performance was in fact the first of a series of the Independent Theatre, a private society that could stage controversial plays using a subscription system. Grein staged Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts on syphilis and adultary at the Royalty Theatre, at 73 Dean Street, Soho, London, on 13 March 1891. The play was considered to be 'repulsive', 'coarse', 'vulgar', 'absurd', 'revolting', you name it.

It took a few months for the event to be covered by a newspaper in the Dutch East Indies, and it probably only did so, because Grein was born a Dutchman who had emigrated to London in 1885 and was naturalized in 1895.

Another Dutchman, Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (1865-1921), lived in London and translated a few plays for the Independent Theatre, and his association with the theatre society was noticed as early as 18 April 1891, when it was reported that he would translate Emile Zola's Thérèse Raquin for Grein. Teixeira de Mattos also worked for several Dutch newspapers, and it may have been 'Tex' who wrote the review that was published in the Java-bode. Its author called himself 'The Man-about-Town'.

Portrait of Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, from  Stephen McKenna, Tex. A chapter in the life of Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (1922)

The newspaper story, full of banter, related how, after the performance, Grein had spoken from the stage, and it described the audience in some detail. The author tells us that the world of literature was represented by the novelist George Moore, by Oscar Wilde, by John Gray, 'the new poet', while artistic circles included 'the painters C.H. Shannon and Richard Savage', among others. Richard Savage was in fact Reginald Savage, an artist and a collaborator of Ricketts's and Shannon's magazine The Dial.

Charles Shannon, Self-Portrait (1897)

Shannon's attendance of the first performance of Ibsen's Ghosts in 1891 places him in the vicinity of 'an apostel of the beautiful' (as the Morning post mockingly called Grein in a review of Ghosts, 14 March 1891), and thus in the forefront of the battle against Victorianism and censorship, but also in an artistic circle which included Wilde and Gray, who were recognized and singled out for his report of the event by the correspondent. English newspapers noted that 'the large audience' included 'more females than might have been expected' for an unlicensed play, but Shannon's name was not mentioned. The 1891 Java-bode was the first to mention Shannon's name in the Dutch language area.

77. A Paper Wrapper for A Pageant

Book-jackets, Thomas G. Tanselle's (partly new) study on paper wrappers for books, mentions a dustwrapper for volume 2 of The Pageant, 1897, that is unusual because the book mentions the name of the designer.

Wrapper for The pageant, 1897

Usually the designers of these jackets were not identified, but then, most wrappers were only sparsely illustrated, while this one is printed in colour after a design by Gleeson White. The drawing is not signed, but his name is mentioned in a footnote to the foreword, which is also quoted by Tanselle as it calls the jacket an 'outer wrapper', showing that the nomenclature for this phenomenon had not yet chrystallized.

Gleeson White, who was the literary editor of the magazine, must have designed it in consultation with the art editor, Charles Shannon, who could have commissioned another artist, for example Charles Ricketts, who designed the binding, or Lucien Pissarro, who designed the end-papers. Apparently it was not deemed important for this magazine to follow the new rules of book design, whereby the book was seen as a unity. The designs by Ricketts, Pissarro, and Gleeson White are quite different in character, and the whole now expresses not so much the unity of the book as the intimacy of a small coterie of artists.

Wrapper for The pageant, 1897

Gleeson White's design is printed in green, red and white on thin brown wrapping paper. It illustrates a brick wall, behind which one can see a pageant, with people who are out of sight, carrying spears and banners. In the front is a row of trees, with doves and flowers. The title, the publisher's name, and the price are mentioned on the front. The spine is almost never shown. It also mentions the title and the imprint.

Spine of wrapper for The pageant, 1897

The first volume of The Pageant (for 1896) did not have a paper wrapper, and one may assume that the reason for Gleeson White's wrapper must have been the lack of sales. The second volume, in spite of its attractive colour wrapper, was to be the last of this short-lived annual for art and literature.

76. Patterned papers (h: bird and rose)

In June 1898 the Vale Press published a two-volume edition of The Rowley poems of Thomas Chatterton. For this book Ricketts designed two patterned papers, one for the boards and one for the spine. They were used on both volumes.

Charles Ricketts, patterned paper for The Rowley poems of Thomas Chatterton (1898) (vol. 2)

The paper on the boards is a pattern of 'rose and bird', according to Ricketts in his bibliography (1904). Colin Franklin, in his book The private press (second edition, 1991), identified the bird as a swallow and this may well be the case, although Ricketts's designs usually are too stylized for an exact determination.

Charles Ricketts, patterned paper for The Rowley poems of Thomas Chatterton (1898) (vol. 1) [detail]

Ricketts apparently did not really care for exactness in naming the bird, or the flower, for that matter. He said it was a rose, which is obviously true, but he does not tell us what kind of rose. The same goes for the patterned paper for Michael Field's Fair Rosamund, for which another rose and another bird (a dove this time) were drawn. 

Charles Ricketts, patterned paper for The Rowley poems of Thomas Chatterton (1898) (vol. 1) [detail]

The second paper is nameless. It has an abstract pattern of acorns and dotted triangles, that may be vine leaves, and were called 'vine-and-diamond domino' by Alice H.R.H. Beckwith (in Dictionary of literary biography, volume 112, 1991). There seem to be no repetitions, Ricketts must have engraved an entire block for it.

Earlier parts of this series about the Vale Press patterned papers:

a: Mouse and nut (Michael Drayton's Nymphidia or the Muses Elizium)
b: The Suckling rose (The poems of Sir John Suckling)

c: The ship (Fifty songs by Thomas Campion)

d: Bird, arrow and rose (Michael Field, Fair Rosamund)

e: A flowered paper (Henry Constable's Poems and sonnets)

f: Pine-cone and leaf (The sonnets of Sir Philip Sidney)

g: Wilde rose (De la typographie et de l'harmonie de la page imprimée. William Morris et son influence sur les arts et métiers) 

75. Inked impressions of quads in In the key of blue

J.A. Symonds's In the key of blue has been published in several issues and editions. I have now written about the differences in appearance (cream or blue cloth covers), the presence of a publisher's list, and the different position of the signatures on the first pages of the gatherings. Now it is time to look closer at another feature: the presence of inked impressions of quads.

A block of type without a raised letter was used for spacing between words or sentences. Occasionally these quads are worked up to the level of the printing service and may leave an inked impression on the paper. (These raised quads are sometimes called 'raised space' or 'blacks'.) They reflect, as G. Thomas Tanselle wrote, more than 'the state of the type when it was composed', as 'impressions from quads and bearers, even when they remain the same, are often the result of faulty make-ready and locking up of the forme or the action of the press itself' (see G. Thomas Tanselle, 'The treatment of typesetting and presswork in bibliographical description', in: Studies in bibliography, vol. 52, 1999).

Some copies of In the key of blue show such impressions of quads.

Inked impression of a quad visible between 'quite' and ';' in J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue and other prose essays, 1893, first edition, cream coloured cloth (p. 150, line 7)

One inked impression of a quad is visible on page 150, line 7, between the word 'quite' and the semi-colon at the end of the line. Another one is visible on page 294, last line, between the last word 'words' and the question mark.

Inked impression of a quad visible between 'words' and '?' in J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue and other prose essays, 1893, first edition, cream coloured cloth (p. 294, last line)

In some copies, however, there are no visible inked impressions of quads on these pages.

No inked impression of a quad visible between 'words' and '?' in J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue and other prose essays, 1893, first edition, blue coloured cloth (p. 294, last line)

How are these inked impressions divided over the subsequent states, issues or impressions of the book? As follows:
Both are present in:
a) the proof copy;
b) the large paper copy;
None are present in:
c) copies with the edition statement: 'Reprinted July 1893';
d) copies with the edition statement: 'Third Edition January 1896';
e) copies with the edition statement: 'Third Edition (Unaltered Reprint), October, 1918'.

The regular copies of the first edition, be they bound in blue or cream cloth, show a more varied pattern. There are:
1) copies with both inked impressions of a quad visible on pages 150 and 294: bound in cream cloth;
2) copies with an inked impression of a quad visible on page 150, but none visible on page 294: bound in cream or blue cloth;
3) copies with no inked impressions of a quad visible on pages 150 or 294: bound in cream or blue cloth.

Copies c, d and e have been printed from electrotypes. The other copies have been printed before these plates were made.

After correcting the proofs - and after removing the asterisks from the signatures - the type may have been damaged slightly during the printing process, causing the inked impressions of the quads on page 150 and 294. While regular copies of the first edition were printed, the unintended visibility of the inked impressions of the quad on page 294 may have been noticed, and this was corrected. Later, the other one was noticed and another correction took place. All blue copies show only one or no traces of these quads. This might indicate that they belong to the later copies that were printed, not to the earliest ones. This corresponds with the large-paper copies that were usually printed after the regular ones: these also show both impressions.

However, how then is it possible that the proof copy shows them already? Was more than one forme used for printing the whole of the edition? We have not yet reached our conclusion.

74. The signatures of In the key of blue

Last week I wrote about the signatures of the gatherings in a proof copy and compared them to the signatures in the regular copies of the first edition of John Addington Symonds's In the key of blue and other prose essays (1893). The first edition was published in late January 1893 and the gatherings are lettered from 'A' to 'T', but a proof copy has them lettered: 'A*' to 'T*'.

After removing the asterisks and before printing the entire edition, the signatures were  moved to the right. The 'A*' is below the letters 'na' in the word 'cinnabar'. In the regular edition the 'A' is below the letters 'ab', whether copies have a blue or a cream coloured binding.

Signature A* in a proof copy of J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue and other prose essays (1893)

Signature A in J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue and other prose essays, first edition, regular issue (1893)

This separates proof copies from the regular ones. However, there are more copies with the signature placed more to the left (under 'na'). Fifty copies of a 'Large Paper Edition' were printed on Arnold unbleached handmade paper, dated 1891. There is a limitation statement on the verso of the title page. In these copies the 'A' is also positioned below 'na' in 'cinnabar'.

Signature A in J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue and other prose essays, first edition, large paper issue (1893)

The book was reprinted in the Summer of 1893 with an edition statement on the verso of the title page: 'Reprinted July 1893'. Copies of this edition have the 'A' below the letters 'na' as well. This is true for all later editions. There was a third edition in 1896 and another reprint was issued in 1918.

Signature A in J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue and other prose essays, reprint (1893)

However, one can see that there is a small difference between the position of 'A' in the reprints in comparison with the other editions: all the reprints have the 'A' slightly more to the right than in the proof copy or the large paper edition and more to the left than in the regular copies of the first edition.

From the correspondence of J.A. Symonds we know that the publisher had stereotypes made after the first edition had been printed. On 20 March 1893 Symonds wrote: 'Since the type is moulded, there will be no question of making additions or alterations in a second edition; & the book can be printed without my seeing proofs'. James G. Nelson, in his book The early nineties. A view from the Bodley Head (1971) mentions that 'molds' were listed in a transcript of the final inventory sheets of the firm (c. 1894).

We can deduct from this that the later editions were all printed from moulds. For these the signatures of the gatherings were adjusted: the 'A' was moved slightly to the left - it should be pointed out that the signatures of all gatherings underwent these small changes.

The regular edition had been printed from type that had all signatures more to the right. It was usual to print the large paper copies after the regular edition, and this means that the signatures were adjusted three times: 
1. the asterisk was removed after the proofs had been corrected and the signature was moved to the right (below 'ab'), and the regular edition was printed; 
2. the signature was moved to the left (under 'na'), and the large paper edition was printed;
3. the signature was moved to the right (under 'na'); the plates were stereotyped.

And there is more...

73. The first issue of In the key of blue

When I wrote about the colour of In the key of blue a few weeks ago I mentioned Percy L. Babington's bibliography of the writings of John Addington Symonds. We have to reconsider part of his description of In the key of blue (no. 56 in his listing).

'List of books in belles-lettres', 1892-93, in J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue (1893)

In his note to the binding Babington mentions that some copies were bound in blue cloth, but that the main part of the edition was bound in cream coloured cloth. These share the same collation formula, which mentions that at the back a 16-page list of books issued by Mathews and Lane was inserted. According to Babington (who did not mention the exact title), this 'List of books in belles-lettres' was dated '1892-3'; in fact, the list is dated '1892-93'.

Three copies of the first edition of J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue (1893): it is difficult to find a copy in cream cloth in good condition.

Apart from this regular issue, there was a limited 'large paper issue', bound in full vellum to the same design. In these fifty copies the list of books is omitted.

It is rather puzzling to read bookseller's descriptions or catalogue entries that describe the regular cream copies as 'second issue' and the blue copies as 'first issue'. An example is a catalogue compiled by G. Krishnamurti for the National Book League in 1973: The Eighteen-Nineties. A literary exhibition. No. 642 in the exhibition was a cream copy ('buff cloth'), that was listed as: 'First edition, 2nd issue'. It should be said, that there are no separate issues; the only bibliographical fact is that there are two different colours used for the bindings of the regular issue of the first edition.

All copies in blue and in cream cloth have the same list. There were later reprints, which had other lists. More about those editions later.

There is, however, one exception. In November 1894 Elkin Mathews inscribed a copy to Miss Alice Horton. It is a copy in cream cloth and it does not have the 'List of belles-lettres' bound in at the back. The book has another irregularity, which has to do with the signatures of the gatherings, which are lettered from A to T, but in this copy the signatures are A* to T*. An asterisk has been added to the letters, which means that these were proof sheets. In the printing process these asterisks were removed after the text was corrected and before the book was printed. One can also see that the signature was moved to the right.

J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue (1893), page 1, proof copy

J.A. Symonds, In the key of blue (1893), page 1, copy in cream cloth

More details will be given in a later blog.

72. 'The best copy in the world'

In April of this year a special copy of Daphnis and Chloe, illustrated by Ricketts and Shannon, was on sale and on 9 May I reported that the book had been sold for 8.780 US$. Recently it turned up in catalogue 138 of Bromer Booksellers in Boston under a caption that emphazises its unique character: 'The best copy in the world'.

The presentation copy was inscribed by the artists to their publisher, Elkin Mathews, and is dated May 19, 1893. Thomas Sturge Moore, to whom the book was dedicated, also signed it on the dedication leaf. Added is a set of twenty-seven proof impressions of the woodcuts on twenty-six sheets, each signed by one of the artists in order to identify the designer of the woodcut. The designs were divided between the two, then all were drawn on the wood by Ricketts, and subsequently engraved by both.

Wood-engraving by C.H. Shannon, for Daphnis and Chloe, signed by Shannon (p. 37) [© Bromer Booksellers]

Bromer's website shows that the woodcuts on pages 15 and 37 were signed by Shannon. There are other copies known that identify the illustrations, one of which is in the British Museum. The Bromer copy is described as 'a scholar's copy', and the book has been extensively annotated with pencil notes on the rear blank leaves, comparing the proofs to the published illustrations. Price of the Bromer copy: US$ 14,500.

Wood-engraving by C.H. Shannon, Daphnis and Chloe (p. 33), identified and initialled by T. Sturge Moore (copy in a private collection)



Wood-engraving by C.H. Shannon or C.S. Ricketts, Daphnis and Chloe (p. 33), identified and initialled by T. Sturge Moore (copy in a private collection)



Wood-engraving by C.S. Ricketts, Daphnis and Chloe (p. 57), identified and initialled by T. Sturge Moore (copy in a private collection)